How+to+write+a+bibliography

Examples on how to write a bibliography MLA style  (Modern Language Association)


 * Book **

Author(s), Title of Book (italics), Place of Publication, Publisher, Date.

Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda//. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future//. New York: Pocket, 1993.


 * Journal Article **

Author(s), “Title of Article” (prentices), Title //of Periodical// (italics), Volume, Date, page numbers.

Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star Trek: The Next Generation." //Studies in Popular Culture// 13.2 (1991): 53-65.


 * Newspaper or Magazine Article **

Author, “Title of Article”, //Newspaper or Magazine,// Date, Page number

Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern Society Using the World of Star Trek." //Los Angeles Times// 15 Mar. 1995: A3.


 * Website **

<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Author, “Title”, //Name of Website,// Date website established, Location, Date article posted on website, website address.

<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997 <http:// <span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>.

<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Chicago Style (source - Memorial University Libraries, November, 2012)**



Citations Within Your Paper
In the notes-bibliography style, when information is quoted or referred to in a paper, you insert a superscript number that directs the reader to a note that contains the citation information ( [|inserting footnotes and endnotes using MS Word 2010] ).

//Example of In-Text Citation//:

According to O'Flaherty, "the spread of electric lights through rural Newfoundland was destined to be slow and uneven."1

**Notes:** A footnote or endnote can be used to identify the sources of the quotation or information. The format and content of footnotes and endnotes are the same. It is the location of the note in your paper that determines whether it is an footnote or an endnote. Footnotes are placed at the "foot", or bottom, of the same page where the information is quoted or referred to; are separated from the text of the paper by a short line; and let the reader refer to your citation without having to flip to the back of the paper. Endnotes are placed at the end of your paper with the heading "NOTES". Each note should be //single spaced//, with one line between notes.

//Example of Footnote/Endnote//:

1. Patrick O'Flaherty, //Lost Country: The Rise and Fall of Newfoundland, 1843-1933// (St. John's, NL: Long Beach Press, 2005), 218.

**Shortened Notes:** Normally, you give a complete citation the first time you cite a source in a footnote or endnote. If you refer to the same source again, you may use a shortened form for notes (including a shortened form of the title). It can be acceptable to only use the shortened form, if full citation information is given in a bibliography. Please check with your Professor.

//Example of Shortened Form for Notes://:

Author Last Name, //Title// or "Title", page number.

If you cite the same source two or more times in a row, the author's name and the title can be eliminated and replaced with //Ibid.//, meaning "//Ibidem//," or, "in the same place":

3. O'Flaherty, //Lost Country//, 104-5.

4. Ibid., 97.

Usually, notes refer to citations listed in the bibliography at the end of the paper. The bibliography is the full list of works used to write the paper; it may include works that you consulted but did not cite, and is arranged alphabetically. Each entry is single spaced, with double-spacing between entries //(Some Professors may prefer double-spacing throughout)//.

[|Click here for a sample Chicago style bibliography.]



Books
**Book, 1 author**

Note:

1. Miriam Carol Wright, //A Fishery for Modern Times: The State and the Industrialization of the Newfoundland Fishery, 1934-1968//

(Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001), 27-28.

Bibliography:

Wright, Miriam Carol. //A Fishery for Modern Times: The State and the Industrialization of the Newfoundland Fishery,//

//1934-1968//. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001.

**Book, multiple authors**

//List all authors' names, unless there are more than 10. (See section 14.76 of the [|Chicago Manual] ).//

Note:

2. Steven K. Katona, Valerie Rough, and David T. Richardson, //A Field Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Seals from Cape Cod to//

//Newfoundland//, 4th ed. (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), 182.

Bibliography:

Katona, Steven K., Valerie Rough, and David T. Richardson. //A Field Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Seals from Cape Cod to//

//Newfoundland//. 4th ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.

**E-Book (Downloaded)**

//If you downloaded it to your computer or e-book reader, indicate the format (Kindle edition, Kobo edition, PDF e-book, Sony Reader e-book.//

Note:

3. Jane Austen, //Pride and Prejudice// (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kobo edition, 174.

Bibliography:

Austen, Jane. //Pride and Prejudice//. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kobo edition.

**E-Book (Online)**

//Include the DOI. If it is not available, include the URL.//

//Note://

//4. Jennifer Mary Hubbard,// A Science on the Scales: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology, 1898-1939

//(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 276-77, http://qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/memorial/Doc?id=10218926.

Bibliography:

Hubbard, Jennifer Mary. //A Science on the Scales: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology, 1898-1939//. Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 2006. http://qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/memorial/Doc?id=10218926.//

//**Edited Book (editor instead of an author)**//

//Note://

//5. Ursula Kelly and Elizabeth Yeoman, eds.,// Despite this Loss: Essays on Culture, Memory and Identity in Newfoundland

and Labrador //(St. John's, NL: Iser Books, 2010), 117.//

//Bibliography://

//Kelly, Ursula and Elizabeth Yeoman, eds.// Despite this Loss: Essays on Culture, Memory and Identity

in Newfoundland and Labrador//. St. John's, NL: Iser Books, 2010.//

//**Edited Book (editor in addition to an author)**//

When editors' names follow the title, only use "ed." (not "eds.") as it refers to "edited by".

//Note://

//6. Al Pittman,// An Island in the Sky: Selected Poetry of Al Pittman//, ed. Martin Ware//

//and Stephanie Mckenzie (St. John's, NL: Breakwater, 2003), 129.//

//Bibliography://

//Pittman, Al.// An Island in the Sky: Selected Poetry of Al Pittman//. Edited by Martin Ware and Stephanie Mckenzie.//

//St. John's, NL: Breakwater, 2003.//

//**Article/Chapter in a Book**//

//Note://

//7. W. Gordon Handcock, "English Migration to Newfoundland," in// Peopling of Newfoundland: Essays in Historical Geography//,//

//ed. John J. Mannion (St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1977), 36.//

//Bibliography://

//Handcock, W. Gordon. "English Migration to Newfoundland." In// Peopling of Newfoundland: Essays in Historical Geography//.//

//Edited by John J. Mannion, 15-48. St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social//

//and Economic Research, 1977.//

//**Translated Book**//

//Note://

//8. Roch Carrier,// La Guerre, Yes Sir!//, trans. Sheila Fischman (Toronto: Anansi, 1970), 16.//

//Bibliography://

//Carrier, Roch.// La Guerre, Yes Sir! //Translated by Sheila Fischman. Toronto: Anansi, 1970.//

//**Edition of a Book (other than the first):**//

Add the number of the edition after the title, and after the name of any editor(s) or translator(s).

Note:

9. Kirk R. Butt, //Early Settlers of Bay St. George//, 2nd ed. (Whitby, ON: Boonen Books, 2007), 29.

Bibliography:

Butt, Kirk R. //Early Settlers of Bay St. George//. 2nd ed. Whitby, ON: Boonen Books, 2007.

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Articles
<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> **Journal article, 1 author (Print)**

Note:

10. Gordon Cox, "A Newfoundland Christmas Caroling Tradition," //Folk Music Journal// 3, no. 3 (1977): 249.

Bibliography:

Cox, Gordon. "A Newfoundland Christmas Caroling Tradition." //Folk Music Journal// 3, no. 3 (1977): 242-60.

**Journal article, multiple authors (Print)**

//List all authors' names, unless there are more than 10 (See section 14.76 of the [|Chicago Manual] ).//

Note:

11. Lawrence C. Hamilton, Richard L. Haedrich, and Cynthia M. Duncan, "Above and below the Water: Social/Ecological

Transformation in Northwest Newfoundland," //Population and Environment// 25, no. 3 (2007): 198.

Bibliography:

Hamilton, Lawrence C., Richard L. Haedrich, and Cynthia M. Duncan. "Above and below the Water: Social/Ecological Transformation in

Northwest Newfoundland." //Population and Environment// 25, no. 3 (2007): 195-215.

**Journal article (Online)**

//Include the DOI. If it is not available, include the URL.//

Note:

//12. Pierre Pepin, Eugene Colbourne, and Gary Maillet, "Seasonal Patterns in Zooplankton Community Structure//

//on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf,"// Progress in Oceanography //91, no. 3 (2011): 280, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.003.//

//Bibliography://

//Pepin, Pierre, Eugene Colbourne, and Gary Maillet. "Seasonal Patterns in Zooplankton Community Structure on the Newfoundland//

//and Labrador Shelf."// Progress in Oceanography //91, no. 3 (2011): 273-285. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.003.//

//**Magazine Article**//

For online magazine articles, include the URL (or DOI, if available) at the end of the citation. If there are no page numbers, identify the location in your note by adding a description (like a heading or section).

//Note://

//13. Frank Moher, "Son of the Rock,"// Backofthebook.ca: Canada's Online Magazine//, October 11, 2008,//

//para. 5, http://backofthebook.ca/2008/10/11/son-of-the-rock/331///

//Bibliography://

In Chicago Style, magazine articles are rarely included in bibliographies.

//**Newspaper Article**//

Omit page numbers for newspapers. For online newspaper articles, include the URL at the end of the citation.

//Note://

//14. Gordon Pitts, "The Fishery is Dead; Long Live the Fishery."// Globe and Mail//, February 18, 2008.//

//Bibliography://

In Chicago Style, newspaper articles are rarely included in bibliographies.

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Web Sites
<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Include as much of the following information as you can: author, "title or description of the website/page", owner/sponsor of the site, publication date or date of revision (if no such date is available include date of access), URL.

Note:

//5. Crystal Rose, "How to Write Notes and Bibliographies in Chicago Style 16th Edition," Memorial University Libraries,//

//last modified January 20, 2012, http://www.library.mun.ca/guides/howto/chicago_notes_bibliographies.php.//

//Bibliography://

Chicago Style (16th ed.) recommends only citing website content in notes. Do not include in bibliography.

<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;">

Other
<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Class Lecture] | [|Class Notes on Course Website] | [|Course Pack] | [|Dictionary/Encyclopedia] | [|Government Document] | [|Personal Communication] | [|Thesis/Dissertation]

**Class lecture, speech, or academic talk**

Put the lecture title in quotation marks after the speaker's name. If the lecture is untitled, place the course name in square brackets.

//Note://

//17. John Bodner, [Folklore and Popular Culture] (lecture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland,//

//Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008).//

//Bibliography://

//Bodner, John. [Folklore and Popular Culture]. Lecture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland,//

//Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008.//

//**Class Notes on Course Website (D2L or My Grenfell)**//

Include date they were created, posted or last revised; If no such date is available include date of access. Include the URL.

//Note://

//18. John Bodner, "Folksong" (course notes for Folklore and Popular Culture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland,//

//Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008), http://online.mun.ca/folk1000%20jbodner/Feb%2015%202008.pdf//

//Bibliography://

//Bodner, John. "Folksong." Course notes for Folklore and Popular Culture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University//

//of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008. http://online.mun.ca/folk1000%20jbodner/Feb%2015%202008.pdf.//

//**Course Pack**//

If you need to cite a source from a custom course package, here are two suggestions from [|SFU's Chicago Citation Guide]. However, it's best to first check with the course instructor.

1. Find the full citation where the article, chapter, etc. was originally published and cite accordingly. The full citations MAY be included in the coursepack. If not, search the library's catalogue or article indexes, Google Scholar, or ask a librarian.

OR

2. Treat the coursepack as an anthology and the course instructor as compiler:

//Note://

//18. Elliott Oring, "Transformations: The Fantasy of The Wicked Stepmother," in [Coursepack for FOLK 1000: Introduction to Folklore,//

//Fall 2009], comp. John Bodner (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, Corner Brook, NL).//

//Bibliography://

If you cite the unpublished coursepack, cite it in the notes only; Omit from bibliography.

//**Dictionary/Encyclopedia (Print)**//

For commonly used or well-known reference books, do not give full publication information; only provide edition, if other than first. Cite the title of the entry proceeded by s.v., meaning sub verbo, or "under the word"; plural s.vv.).

//Note://

//19.// Encyclopaedia Britannica//, 15th ed., s.v. "Salvation."//

//Bibliography://

In Chicago Style, dictionaries and encyclopedias do not need to be included in bibliographies.

//**Dictionary/Encyclopedia (Online)**//

Include publication or last revision date; If no such date is available include date of access. Include the URL.

//Note://

//20.// Oxford English Dictionary//, 3rd ed., s.v. "Anomie," accessed January 20, 2012,//

//http://www.oxfordreference.com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t140.e0029990.//

//**Government Document, Canadian (Print)**//

The Chicago Manual recommends consulting the [|Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (7th edition)] for more specific information.

//Note://

//21. Statistics Canada,// A National Overview: Population and Dwelling Counts, 2006 Census //(Ottawa://

//Statistics Canada, 2007), p. 279-80.//

//Bibliography://

//Statistics Canada.// A National Overview: Population and Dwelling Counts, 2006 Census.

//Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2007.//

//**Government Document, Canadian (Online)**//

Include publication or last revision date; If no such date is available include date of access. Include the URL.

//Note://

//22. Environment Canada, "Canada's Emission Trends" (July, 2011), p. 19,//

//http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/E197D5E7-1AE3-4A06-B4FC-CB74EAAAA60F/CanadasEmissionsTrends.pdf.//

//Bibliography://

//Environment Canada. "Canada's Emission Trends." July, 2011. http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/E197D5E7-1AE3-4A06-B4FC-CB74EAAAA60F//

///CanadasEmissionsTrends.pdf.// <span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> **Personal Communication (interview, conversation, letter, or email)** <span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Note:

//23. John A. Smith, telephone conversation with author, May 29, 2005.//

//24. Dr. David Peddle, interview by author, Corner Brook, NL, March 22, 2011.//

//Bibliography://

Personal communications are typically omitted from the bibliography unless they are available for others to access (for example, in a library or archive, or posted online).

//**Thesis/Dissertation**//

If accessed online, add the URL.

//Note://

//25. Dorothy C. Anger, "Putting it Back Together: Micmac Political Identity in Newfoundland," (master's thesis,//

//Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1983), 142, http://collections.mun.ca/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=301551&REC=13//

//Bibliography://

//Anger, Dorothy C. "Putting it Back Together: Micmac Political Identity in Newfoundland." Master's thesis, Memorial University of//

//Newfoundland, 1983. http://collections.mun.ca/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=301551&REC=13//

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Useful Guides
<span style="color: black; font-family: '10',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Didn't find the example you needed? Check out the following guides for more specific information or for citing other types of sources.

[|//The Chicago Manual of Style//. 16th ed.] Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010.

//(Available at the Library in the Reference section. Call number: Z 253 U69 2010)//

// [|Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide] //

// [|Purdue University's OWL (Online Writing Lab)] //

Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation//. 7th ed. Toronto: Carswell, 2010.//

//(Available at the Library. Call number: KE 259 C34 2010)//